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INTRODUCTION
Cost
PHP is free. You can download the latest version at any time from http://www.php.net for
no charge.
Learning PHP
The syntax of PHP is based on other programming languages, primarily C and Perl. If you already
know C or Perl, or a C-like language such as C++ or Java, you will be productive using PHP
almost immediately.
Portability
PHP is available for many different operating systems. You can write PHP code on the free Unix-
like operating systems such as Linux and FreeBSD, commercial Unix versions such as Solaris and
IRIX, or on different versions of Microsoft Windows.
Your code will usually work without modification on a different system running PHP.
Source Code
You have access to the source code of PHP. Unlike commercial, closed-source products, if there is
something you want modified or added to the language, you are free to do this.
You do not need to wait for the manufacturer to release patches. You don’t need to worry about the
manufacturer going out of business or deciding to stop supporting a product.
Some of MySQL’s Strengths
Some of MySQL’s main competitors are PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and Oracle.
MySQL has many strengths, including high performance, low cost, easy to configure and learn,
portable, and the source code is available.
A more detailed discussion of these strengths follows.
Performance
MySQL is undeniably fast. You can see the developers’ benchmark page at
http://web.mysql.com/benchmark.html. Many of these benchmarks show MySQL to be orders
of magnitude faster than the competition.
Low Cost
MySQL is available at no cost, under an Open Source license, or at low cost under a commercial
license if required for your application.
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01 7842 intro 3/6/01 3:33 PM Page 5
- PHP and MySQL 1
- Web Development 1
- PHP and MySQL Web Development 2
- Warning and Disclaimer 2
- Overview 3
- Contents 5
- PART II Using MySQL 169 10
- CONTENTS 11
- PHP AND MYSQL WEB DEVELOPMENT 12
- PART VI Appendixes 779 22
- About the Authors 23
- Dedication 24
- Acknowledgments 24
- Tell Us What You Think! 25
- Introduction 27
- What Is PHP? 28
- What’s New In PHP Version 4? 29
- What Is MySQL? 29
- Why Use PHP and MySQL? 29
- Some of PHP’s Strengths 30
- Some of MySQL’s Strengths 31
- How Is This Book Organized? 32
- PHP Crash Course 35
- Embedding PHP in HTML 39
- Using PHP Tags 40
- PHP Tag Styles 41
- PHP Statements 41
- Whitespace 42
- Comments 42
- Adding Dynamic Content 43
- Calling Functions 44
- The date() Function 44
- Accessing Form Variables 45
- String Concatenation 46
- Identifiers 47
- User-Declared Variables 48
- Assigning Values to Variables 48
- Variable Types 48
- Type Strength 49
- Type Casting 49
- Variable Variables 49
- Constants 50
- Variable Scope 51
- Operators 51
- Arithmetic Operators 52
- String Operators 53
- Assignment Operators 53
- Comparison Operators 55
- Logical Operators 56
- Bitwise Operators 57
- Other Operators 58
- Expressions 60
- Variable Functions 62
- Testing Variable Status 63
- Reinterpreting Variables 63
- Control Structures 64
- Iteration: Repeating Actions 69
- Storing and Retrieving Data 75
- Saving Data for Later 76
- Overview of File Processing 78
- Opening a File 78
- Using fopen() to Open a File 79
- Opening Files for FTP or HTTP 80
- Problems Opening Files 81
- Writing to a File 83
- Closing a File 84
- Reading from a File 85
- Knowing When to Stop: feof() 86
- Reading a Character: fgetc() 88
- Other Useful File Functions 89
- File Locking 91
- What Is an Array? 96
- Numerically Indexed Arrays 97
- Accessing Array Contents 98
- Associative Arrays 99
- Using PHP 100
- Multidimensional Arrays 101
- Using Arrays 103
- FIGURE 3.4 104
- Sorting Arrays 105
- User Defined Sorts 106
- Sorting in Reverse 106
- Reverse User Sorts 108
- Reordering Arrays 109
- Using array_reverse() 110
- Loading Arrays from Files 111
- Other Array Manipulations 114
- Further Reading 118
- String Manipulation and 119
- Regular Expressions 119
- Continued 121
- Formatting Strings 122
- ANIPULATION 123
- IGURE 4.2 123
- Changing the Case of a String 125
- StripSlashes() 126
- IGURE 4.3 127
- Using strtok() 128
- Using substr() 129
- Comparing Strings 130
- Functions 131
- The Basics 135
- Character Sets and Classes 136
- Repetition 137
- Subexpressions 137
- Counted Subexpressions 138
- Branching 138
- Summary of Special Characters 139
- Expression Functions 142
- Reusing Code and Writing 143
- Why Reuse Code? 144
- Using require() and include() 145
- PHP Tags and require() 147
- FIGURE 5.2 148
- REUSING CODE 149
- FUNCTIONS 149
- LISTING 5.1 Continued 149
- Using include() 153
- Using Functions in PHP 155
- Call to Undefined Function 157
- Basic Function Structure 158
- Naming Your Function 159
- Parameters 160
- IGURE 5.4 161
- EUSING CODE 161
- UNCTIONS 161
- Returning from Functions 166
- Code Blocks 168
- Recursion 169
- Object-Oriented PHP 173
- Object-Oriented Concepts 174
- Polymorphism 175
- Inheritance 176
- Structure of a Class 177
- Constructors 177
- Instantiation 178
- Using Class Attributes 178
- Calling Class Operations 180
- Overriding 182
- Multiple Inheritance 183
- Designing Classes 184
- LISTING 6.1 Continued 188
- OBJECT-ORIENTED 189
- Using MySQL 195
- Designing Your Web Database 197
- Relational Database Concepts 198
- Relationships 201
- Avoid Storing Redundant Data 202
- Use Atomic Column Values 204
- Choose Sensible Keys 205
- Database 205
- Web Database Architecture 206
- Creating Your Web Database 209
- How to Log In to MySQL 211
- Creating Databases and Users 213
- Users and Privileges 213
- Principle of Least Privilege 214
- Types and Levels of Privilege 216
- The REVOKE Command 218
- Setting Up a User for the Web 219
- Using the Right Database 219
- Creating Database Tables 220
- What the Other Keywords Mean 222
- MySQL Identifiers 225
- Column Data Types 226
- Numeric Types 227
- Date and Time Types 229
- String Types 230
- Working with Your MySQL 233
- What Is SQL? 234
- ORKING WITH 235
- OUR MYSQL 235
- Simple Two-Table Joins 240
- Joining More Than Two Tables 242
- Finding Rows That Don’t Match 243
- Summary of Joins 245
- Grouping and Aggregating Data 246
- Aggregate Functions in MySQL 247
- Choosing Which Rows to Return 248
- Dropping Tables 252
- Dropping a Whole Database 252
- Accessing Your MySQL 253
- Database from the Web 253
- CCESSING 255
- FIGURE 10.1 256
- ACCESSING 257
- YOUR MYSQL 257
- DATABASE 257
- LISTING 10.2 Continued 257
- Setting Up a Connection 260
- Choosing a Database to Use 261
- Querying the Database 261
- Retrieving the Query Results 262
- IGURE 10.4 267
- Other PHP-Database Interfaces 268
- Advanced MySQL 271
- The user Table 273
- The db and host Tables 274
- Passwords 278
- User Privileges 279
- Web Issues 279
- Getting Information with SHOW 280
- General Optimization Tips 287
- Different Table Types 288
- Loading Data from a File 289
- E-commerce and Security 291
- Running an E-commerce Site 293
- What Do You Want to Achieve? 294
- Types of Commercial Web Sites 294
- Online Brochures 295
- Allowing a Site to Age 296
- Unanswered Questions 299
- Ease of Use 300
- Compatibility 301
- Cutting Costs 302
- Risks and Threats 303
- Computer Hardware Failure 304
- Extensive Competition 304
- Software Errors 305
- System Capacity Limits 305
- Deciding on a Strategy 306
- E-commerce Security Issues 307
- Security Threats 309
- Loss or Destruction of Data 311
- Modification of Data 312
- Denial of Service 313
- Errors in Software 314
- Repudiation 315
- Security 316
- Creating a Security Policy 317
- Authentication Principles 317
- Using Authentication 318
- Encryption Basics 319
- Private Key Encryption 320
- Public Key Encryption 321
- Digital Signatures 322
- Digital Certificates 323
- Secure Web Servers 324
- Auditing and Logging 325
- Firewalls 326
- Backing Up Data 327
- Physical Security 328
- Implementing Authentication 329
- Identifying Visitors 330
- Implementing Access Control 331
- Storing Passwords 334
- IMPLEMENTING 335
- AUTHENTICATION 335
- LISTING 14.2 Continued 335
- Encrypting Passwords 336
- MPLEMENTING 337
- UTHENTICATION 337
- Basic Authentication 338
- IGURE 14.4 341
- IGURE 14.7 347
- Installing mod_auth_mysql 348
- Did It Work? 349
- Using mod_auth_mysql 349
- Implementing Secure 353
- Transactions with PHP and 353
- Providing Secure Transactions 354
- The User’s Machine 355
- The Internet 356
- Your System 357
- RANSACTIONS 359
- IGURE 15.2 359
- IGURE 15.3 359
- IGURE 15.4 361
- Screening User Input 362
- Providing Secure Storage 362
- Using Encryption in PHP 364
- Installing GPG 365
- Testing GPG 368
- LISTING 15.2 Continued 370
- Advanced PHP Techniques 375
- Interacting with the File 377
- System and the Server 377
- Introduction to File Upload 378
- HTML for File Upload 379
- INTERACTING WITH 381
- LISTING 16.2 Continued 381
- HAPTER 16 383
- Using Directory Functions 384
- Get File Info 387
- Changing File Properties 390
- NTERACTING WITH 391
- ILE SYSTEM 391
- Using Network and Protocol 395
- Overview of Protocols 396
- Sending and Reading Email 397
- Using Other Web Services 397
- IGURE 17.1 399
- SING NETWORK 399
- Using FTP 404
- LISTING 17.4 Continued 406
- Logging In to the FTP Server 408
- Checking File Update Times 409
- Downloading the File 410
- Uploading Files 411
- Avoiding Timeouts 412
- Using Other FTP Functions 412
- Managing the Date and Time 417
- Using the date() Function 418
- Dealing with UNIX Time Stamps 420
- Using the getdate() Function 421
- Validating Dates 422
- Date Calculations 424
- Using the Calendar Functions 425
- Generating Images 427
- Image Formats 429
- Creating Images 430
- Creating a Canvas Image 431
- Outputting the Final Graphic 434
- Cleaning Up 436
- FIGURE 19.4 438
- FIGURE 19.5 438
- Listing 19.2 438
- LISTING 19.2 Continued 439
- Setting Up the Base Canvas 440
- Positioning the Text 444
- Finishing Up 445
- FIGURE 19.8 448
- Other Image Functions 454
- Using Session Control in PHP 455
- What Session Control Is 456
- Basic Session Functionality 456
- What Is a Cookie? 457
- Setting Cookies from PHP 457
- Using Cookies with Sessions 458
- Storing the Session ID 458
- Implementing Simple Sessions 459
- Using Session Variables 460
- Simple Session Example 461
- Configuring Session Control 463
- FIGURE 20.6 466
- Other Useful Features 473
- Using Magic Quotes 474
- Evaluating Strings: eval() 475
- Serialization 476
- Identifying the Script Owner 478
- Source Highlighting 480
- Building Practical PHP and 483
- MySQL Projects 483
- Using PHP and MySQL for 485
- Large Projects 485
- Development 486
- SING PHP AND 487
- YSQL FOR 487
- Reusing Code 488
- Writing Maintainable Code 489
- Commenting Your Code 491
- Indenting 491
- Breaking Up Code 492
- Implementing Version Control 493
- Documenting Your Projects 496
- Prototyping 497
- Separating Logic and Content 497
- Optimizing Code 498
- Using Zend Products 499
- Debugging 503
- Programming Errors 504
- Runtime Errors 506
- Reading or Writing Files 508
- Logic Errors 511
- Variable Debugging Aid 512
- DEBUGGING 513
- Error Reporting Levels 515
- Triggering Your Own Errors 518
- Handling Errors Gracefully 518
- Remote Debugging 520
- Building User Authentication 523
- The Problem 524
- Solution Components 525
- Solution Overview 526
- ERSONALIZATION 527
- Implementing the Database 528
- IGURE 24.2 529
- Implementing the Basic Site 530
- IGURE 24.3 531
- Registering 533
- PERSONALIZATION 535
- LISTING 24.6 Continued 535
- FIGURE 24.5 538
- Logging In 539
- Chapter 20 540
- FIGURE 24.6 542
- Logging Out 544
- Changing Passwords 545
- Resetting Forgotten Passwords 547
- FIGURE 24.8 548
- Adding Bookmarks 552
- Bookmarks to the Database 554
- Displaying Bookmarks 555
- Deleting Bookmarks 556
- Bookmark from a User’s List 557
- Implementing Recommendations 558
- Might Like 560
- Actual Recommendations 560
- LISTING 24.27 Continued 561
- FIGURE 24.11 562
- Building a Shopping Cart 565
- SHOPPING CART 573
- LISTING 25.1 Continued 573
- FIGURE 25.4 576
- FIGURE 25.5 576
- Listing Categories 577
- Listing Books in a Category 579
- Showing Book Details 581
- IGURE 25.7 584
- Viewing the Cart 586
- LISTING 25.10 Continued 588
- Adding Items to the Cart 589
- Saving the Updated Cart 591
- Printing a Header Bar Summary 592
- Checking Out 592
- FIGURE 25.8 593
- Gets the Payment Details 594
- LISTING 25.14 Continued 595
- LISTING 25.15 Continued 597
- Implementing Payment 598
- FIGURE 25.10 599
- LISTING 25.16 Continued 600
- FIGURE 25.11 602
- FIGURE 25.12 602
- IGURE 25.13 604
- IGURE 25.14 606
- LISTING 25.19 Continued 608
- Extending the Project 610
- Using an Existing System 610
- Building a Content 613
- Management System 613
- Solution Requirements 614
- Editing Content 615
- Databases Versus File Storage 616
- Using Metadata 617
- Formatting the Output 618
- Image Manipulation 619
- Solution Design/Overview 621
- Designing the Database 623
- Implementation 624
- ANAGEMENT 625
- IGURE 26.3 626
- Back End 628
- IGURE 26.5 629
- LISTING 26.5 Continued 630
- IGURE 26.6 632
- MANAGEMENT 633
- LISTING 26.7 Continued 636
- Searching 637
- FIGURE 26.7 638
- Editor Screen 640
- Building a Web-Based Email 643
- UILDING A 647
- EB-BASED 647
- Setting Up the Database 648
- Script Architecture 649
- LISTING 27.2 Continued 650
- BUILDING A 651
- WEB-BASED 651
- Logging In and Out 655
- IGURE 27.3 657
- Setting Up Accounts 658
- Creating a New Account 660
- Modifying an Existing Account 662
- Deleting an Account 662
- Reading Mail 663
- Viewing Mailbox Contents 666
- User Mailbox 668
- Reading a Mail Message 669
- IGURE 27.6 670
- Viewing Message Headers 673
- Deleting Mail 674
- Sending Mail 675
- Building a Mailing List 681
- File Upload 683
- Sending Mail with Attachments 684
- AILING LIST 685
- IGURE 28.2 685
- IGURE 28.3 685
- LISTING 28.2 Continued 690
- MAILING LIST 691
- Implementing Login 698
- LISTING 28.3 Continued 702
- Logged In User 703
- Implementing User Functions 704
- Viewing Lists 705
- FIGURE 28.7 706
- Viewing List Information 709
- Displays List Information 710
- Viewing List Archives 712
- Subscribing and Unsubscribing 713
- Changing Account Settings 715
- IGURE 28.9 716
- IGURE 28.10 718
- Creating a New List 719
- Uploading a New Newsletter 721
- Displays the File Upload Form 722
- LISTING 28.14 Continued 723
- Handling Multiple File Upload 724
- LISTING 28.15 Continued 725
- Previewing the Newsletter 728
- IGURE 28.14 729
- Sending the Message 730
- LISTING 28.16 Continued 731
- Building Web Forums 737
- Viewing the Tree of Articles 744
- FIGURE 29.5 746
- FIGURE 29.6 746
- Expanding and Collapsing 747
- Displaying the Articles 750
- Using the treenode Class 751
- LISTING 29.5 Continued 752
- BUILDING WEB 753
- Viewing Individual Articles 757
- IGURE 29.7 758
- Adding New Articles 760
- Title from the Database 762
- IGURE 29.9 764
- LISTING 29.13 Continued 766
- Extensions 767
- Generating Personalized 769
- Documents in Portable 769
- Document Format (PDF) 769
- Evaluating Document Formats 771
- Word Processor Formats 772
- Rich Text Format 772
- PostScript 773
- Portable Document Format 774
- ENERATING 777
- ERSONALIZED 777
- OCUMENTS IN 777
- Asking the Questions 779
- LISTING 30.1 Continued 780
- Grading the Answers 781
- LISTING 30.2 Continued 782
- Generating an RTF Certificate 784
- IGURE 30.4 785
- IGURE 30.5 787
- LISTING 30.4 Continued 790
- IGURE 30.6 791
- LISTING 30.6 Continued 797
- GENERATING 797
- PERSONALIZED 797
- DOCUMENTS IN 797
- Problems with Headers 803
- Appendixes 805
- Installing PHP 4 and MySQL 807
- Apache and mod_SSL 813
- Is PHP Support Working? 817
- Is SSL Working? 818
- Windows 95/98 820
- Windows NT/Win2000 820
- Running Apache for Windows 822
- Running Apache as a Service 823
- Installing PHP for Windows 825
- Let’s Test Our Work 826
- Other Configurations 828
- Web Resources 829
- PHP Resources 830
- Apache Resources 832
- + (plus symbol) 834
- Boutell Web site 837
- Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 879
- Web issues, database security 891
- ZEND.Com Web site 893
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