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CHAPTER
23
Debugging
29 7842 CH23 3/6/01 3:41 PM Page 477
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PHP and MySQL
1
Web Development
1
PHP and MySQL Web Development
2
Warning and Disclaimer
2
Overview
3
Contents
5
PART II Using MySQL 169
10
CONTENTS
11
PHP AND MYSQL WEB DEVELOPMENT
12
PART VI Appendixes 779
22
About the Authors
23
Dedication
24
Acknowledgments
24
Tell Us What You Think!
25
Introduction
27
What Is PHP?
28
What’s New In PHP Version 4?
29
What Is MySQL?
29
Why Use PHP and MySQL?
29
Some of PHP’s Strengths
30
Some of MySQL’s Strengths
31
How Is This Book Organized?
32
PHP Crash Course
35
Embedding PHP in HTML
39
Using PHP Tags
40
PHP Tag Styles
41
PHP Statements
41
Whitespace
42
Comments
42
Adding Dynamic Content
43
Calling Functions
44
The date() Function
44
Accessing Form Variables
45
String Concatenation
46
Identifiers
47
User-Declared Variables
48
Assigning Values to Variables
48
Variable Types
48
Type Strength
49
Type Casting
49
Variable Variables
49
Constants
50
Variable Scope
51
Operators
51
Arithmetic Operators
52
String Operators
53
Assignment Operators
53
Comparison Operators
55
Logical Operators
56
Bitwise Operators
57
Other Operators
58
Expressions
60
Variable Functions
62
Testing Variable Status
63
Reinterpreting Variables
63
Control Structures
64
Iteration: Repeating Actions
69
Storing and Retrieving Data
75
Saving Data for Later
76
Overview of File Processing
78
Opening a File
78
Using fopen() to Open a File
79
Opening Files for FTP or HTTP
80
Problems Opening Files
81
Writing to a File
83
Closing a File
84
Reading from a File
85
Knowing When to Stop: feof()
86
Reading a Character: fgetc()
88
Other Useful File Functions
89
File Locking
91
What Is an Array?
96
Numerically Indexed Arrays
97
Accessing Array Contents
98
Associative Arrays
99
Using PHP
100
Multidimensional Arrays
101
Using Arrays
103
FIGURE 3.4
104
Sorting Arrays
105
User Defined Sorts
106
Sorting in Reverse
106
Reverse User Sorts
108
Reordering Arrays
109
Using array_reverse()
110
Loading Arrays from Files
111
Other Array Manipulations
114
Further Reading
118
String Manipulation and
119
Regular Expressions
119
Continued
121
Formatting Strings
122
ANIPULATION
123
IGURE 4.2
123
Changing the Case of a String
125
StripSlashes()
126
IGURE 4.3
127
Using strtok()
128
Using substr()
129
Comparing Strings
130
Functions
131
The Basics
135
Character Sets and Classes
136
Repetition
137
Subexpressions
137
Counted Subexpressions
138
Branching
138
Summary of Special Characters
139
Expression Functions
142
Reusing Code and Writing
143
Why Reuse Code?
144
Using require() and include()
145
PHP Tags and require()
147
FIGURE 5.2
148
REUSING CODE
149
FUNCTIONS
149
LISTING 5.1 Continued
149
Using include()
153
Using Functions in PHP
155
Call to Undefined Function
157
Basic Function Structure
158
Naming Your Function
159
Parameters
160
IGURE 5.4
161
EUSING CODE
161
UNCTIONS
161
Returning from Functions
166
Code Blocks
168
Recursion
169
Object-Oriented PHP
173
Object-Oriented Concepts
174
Polymorphism
175
Inheritance
176
Structure of a Class
177
Constructors
177
Instantiation
178
Using Class Attributes
178
Calling Class Operations
180
Overriding
182
Multiple Inheritance
183
Designing Classes
184
LISTING 6.1 Continued
188
OBJECT-ORIENTED
189
Using MySQL
195
Designing Your Web Database
197
Relational Database Concepts
198
Relationships
201
Avoid Storing Redundant Data
202
Use Atomic Column Values
204
Choose Sensible Keys
205
Database
205
Web Database Architecture
206
Creating Your Web Database
209
How to Log In to MySQL
211
Creating Databases and Users
213
Users and Privileges
213
Principle of Least Privilege
214
Types and Levels of Privilege
216
The REVOKE Command
218
Setting Up a User for the Web
219
Using the Right Database
219
Creating Database Tables
220
What the Other Keywords Mean
222
MySQL Identifiers
225
Column Data Types
226
Numeric Types
227
Date and Time Types
229
String Types
230
Working with Your MySQL
233
What Is SQL?
234
ORKING WITH
235
OUR MYSQL
235
Simple Two-Table Joins
240
Joining More Than Two Tables
242
Finding Rows That Don’t Match
243
Summary of Joins
245
Grouping and Aggregating Data
246
Aggregate Functions in MySQL
247
Choosing Which Rows to Return
248
Dropping Tables
252
Dropping a Whole Database
252
Accessing Your MySQL
253
Database from the Web
253
CCESSING
255
FIGURE 10.1
256
ACCESSING
257
YOUR MYSQL
257
DATABASE
257
LISTING 10.2 Continued
257
Setting Up a Connection
260
Choosing a Database to Use
261
Querying the Database
261
Retrieving the Query Results
262
IGURE 10.4
267
Other PHP-Database Interfaces
268
Advanced MySQL
271
The user Table
273
The db and host Tables
274
Passwords
278
User Privileges
279
Web Issues
279
Getting Information with SHOW
280
General Optimization Tips
287
Different Table Types
288
Loading Data from a File
289
E-commerce and Security
291
Running an E-commerce Site
293
What Do You Want to Achieve?
294
Types of Commercial Web Sites
294
Online Brochures
295
Allowing a Site to Age
296
Unanswered Questions
299
Ease of Use
300
Compatibility
301
Cutting Costs
302
Risks and Threats
303
Computer Hardware Failure
304
Extensive Competition
304
Software Errors
305
System Capacity Limits
305
Deciding on a Strategy
306
E-commerce Security Issues
307
Security Threats
309
Loss or Destruction of Data
311
Modification of Data
312
Denial of Service
313
Errors in Software
314
Repudiation
315
Security
316
Creating a Security Policy
317
Authentication Principles
317
Using Authentication
318
Encryption Basics
319
Private Key Encryption
320
Public Key Encryption
321
Digital Signatures
322
Digital Certificates
323
Secure Web Servers
324
Auditing and Logging
325
Firewalls
326
Backing Up Data
327
Physical Security
328
Implementing Authentication
329
Identifying Visitors
330
Implementing Access Control
331
Storing Passwords
334
IMPLEMENTING
335
AUTHENTICATION
335
LISTING 14.2 Continued
335
Encrypting Passwords
336
MPLEMENTING
337
UTHENTICATION
337
Basic Authentication
338
IGURE 14.4
341
IGURE 14.7
347
Installing mod_auth_mysql
348
Did It Work?
349
Using mod_auth_mysql
349
Implementing Secure
353
Transactions with PHP and
353
Providing Secure Transactions
354
The User’s Machine
355
The Internet
356
Your System
357
RANSACTIONS
359
IGURE 15.2
359
IGURE 15.3
359
IGURE 15.4
361
Screening User Input
362
Providing Secure Storage
362
Using Encryption in PHP
364
Installing GPG
365
Testing GPG
368
LISTING 15.2 Continued
370
Advanced PHP Techniques
375
Interacting with the File
377
System and the Server
377
Introduction to File Upload
378
HTML for File Upload
379
INTERACTING WITH
381
LISTING 16.2 Continued
381
HAPTER 16
383
Using Directory Functions
384
Get File Info
387
Changing File Properties
390
NTERACTING WITH
391
ILE SYSTEM
391
Using Network and Protocol
395
Overview of Protocols
396
Sending and Reading Email
397
Using Other Web Services
397
IGURE 17.1
399
SING NETWORK
399
Using FTP
404
LISTING 17.4 Continued
406
Logging In to the FTP Server
408
Checking File Update Times
409
Downloading the File
410
Uploading Files
411
Avoiding Timeouts
412
Using Other FTP Functions
412
Managing the Date and Time
417
Using the date() Function
418
Dealing with UNIX Time Stamps
420
Using the getdate() Function
421
Validating Dates
422
Date Calculations
424
Using the Calendar Functions
425
Generating Images
427
Image Formats
429
Creating Images
430
Creating a Canvas Image
431
Outputting the Final Graphic
434
Cleaning Up
436
FIGURE 19.4
438
FIGURE 19.5
438
Listing 19.2
438
LISTING 19.2 Continued
439
Setting Up the Base Canvas
440
Positioning the Text
444
Finishing Up
445
FIGURE 19.8
448
Other Image Functions
454
Using Session Control in PHP
455
What Session Control Is
456
Basic Session Functionality
456
What Is a Cookie?
457
Setting Cookies from PHP
457
Using Cookies with Sessions
458
Storing the Session ID
458
Implementing Simple Sessions
459
Using Session Variables
460
Simple Session Example
461
Configuring Session Control
463
FIGURE 20.6
466
Other Useful Features
473
Using Magic Quotes
474
Evaluating Strings: eval()
475
Serialization
476
Identifying the Script Owner
478
Source Highlighting
480
Building Practical PHP and
483
MySQL Projects
483
Using PHP and MySQL for
485
Large Projects
485
Development
486
SING PHP AND
487
YSQL FOR
487
Reusing Code
488
Writing Maintainable Code
489
Commenting Your Code
491
Indenting
491
Breaking Up Code
492
Implementing Version Control
493
Documenting Your Projects
496
Prototyping
497
Separating Logic and Content
497
Optimizing Code
498
Using Zend Products
499
Debugging
503
Programming Errors
504
Runtime Errors
506
Reading or Writing Files
508
Logic Errors
511
Variable Debugging Aid
512
DEBUGGING
513
Error Reporting Levels
515
Triggering Your Own Errors
518
Handling Errors Gracefully
518
Remote Debugging
520
Building User Authentication
523
The Problem
524
Solution Components
525
Solution Overview
526
ERSONALIZATION
527
Implementing the Database
528
IGURE 24.2
529
Implementing the Basic Site
530
IGURE 24.3
531
Registering
533
PERSONALIZATION
535
LISTING 24.6 Continued
535
FIGURE 24.5
538
Logging In
539
Chapter 20
540
FIGURE 24.6
542
Logging Out
544
Changing Passwords
545
Resetting Forgotten Passwords
547
FIGURE 24.8
548
Adding Bookmarks
552
Bookmarks to the Database
554
Displaying Bookmarks
555
Deleting Bookmarks
556
Bookmark from a User’s List
557
Implementing Recommendations
558
Might Like
560
Actual Recommendations
560
LISTING 24.27 Continued
561
FIGURE 24.11
562
Building a Shopping Cart
565
SHOPPING CART
573
LISTING 25.1 Continued
573
FIGURE 25.4
576
FIGURE 25.5
576
Listing Categories
577
Listing Books in a Category
579
Showing Book Details
581
IGURE 25.7
584
Viewing the Cart
586
LISTING 25.10 Continued
588
Adding Items to the Cart
589
Saving the Updated Cart
591
Printing a Header Bar Summary
592
Checking Out
592
FIGURE 25.8
593
Gets the Payment Details
594
LISTING 25.14 Continued
595
LISTING 25.15 Continued
597
Implementing Payment
598
FIGURE 25.10
599
LISTING 25.16 Continued
600
FIGURE 25.11
602
FIGURE 25.12
602
IGURE 25.13
604
IGURE 25.14
606
LISTING 25.19 Continued
608
Extending the Project
610
Using an Existing System
610
Building a Content
613
Management System
613
Solution Requirements
614
Editing Content
615
Databases Versus File Storage
616
Using Metadata
617
Formatting the Output
618
Image Manipulation
619
Solution Design/Overview
621
Designing the Database
623
Implementation
624
ANAGEMENT
625
IGURE 26.3
626
Back End
628
IGURE 26.5
629
LISTING 26.5 Continued
630
IGURE 26.6
632
MANAGEMENT
633
LISTING 26.7 Continued
636
Searching
637
FIGURE 26.7
638
Editor Screen
640
Building a Web-Based Email
643
UILDING A
647
EB-BASED
647
Setting Up the Database
648
Script Architecture
649
LISTING 27.2 Continued
650
BUILDING A
651
WEB-BASED
651
Logging In and Out
655
IGURE 27.3
657
Setting Up Accounts
658
Creating a New Account
660
Modifying an Existing Account
662
Deleting an Account
662
Reading Mail
663
Viewing Mailbox Contents
666
User Mailbox
668
Reading a Mail Message
669
IGURE 27.6
670
Viewing Message Headers
673
Deleting Mail
674
Sending Mail
675
Building a Mailing List
681
File Upload
683
Sending Mail with Attachments
684
AILING LIST
685
IGURE 28.2
685
IGURE 28.3
685
LISTING 28.2 Continued
690
MAILING LIST
691
Implementing Login
698
LISTING 28.3 Continued
702
Logged In User
703
Implementing User Functions
704
Viewing Lists
705
FIGURE 28.7
706
Viewing List Information
709
Displays List Information
710
Viewing List Archives
712
Subscribing and Unsubscribing
713
Changing Account Settings
715
IGURE 28.9
716
IGURE 28.10
718
Creating a New List
719
Uploading a New Newsletter
721
Displays the File Upload Form
722
LISTING 28.14 Continued
723
Handling Multiple File Upload
724
LISTING 28.15 Continued
725
Previewing the Newsletter
728
IGURE 28.14
729
Sending the Message
730
LISTING 28.16 Continued
731
Building Web Forums
737
Viewing the Tree of Articles
744
FIGURE 29.5
746
FIGURE 29.6
746
Expanding and Collapsing
747
Displaying the Articles
750
Using the treenode Class
751
LISTING 29.5 Continued
752
BUILDING WEB
753
Viewing Individual Articles
757
IGURE 29.7
758
Adding New Articles
760
Title from the Database
762
IGURE 29.9
764
LISTING 29.13 Continued
766
Extensions
767
Generating Personalized
769
Documents in Portable
769
Document Format (PDF)
769
Evaluating Document Formats
771
Word Processor Formats
772
Rich Text Format
772
PostScript
773
Portable Document Format
774
ENERATING
777
ERSONALIZED
777
OCUMENTS IN
777
Asking the Questions
779
LISTING 30.1 Continued
780
Grading the Answers
781
LISTING 30.2 Continued
782
Generating an RTF Certificate
784
IGURE 30.4
785
IGURE 30.5
787
LISTING 30.4 Continued
790
IGURE 30.6
791
LISTING 30.6 Continued
797
GENERATING
797
PERSONALIZED
797
DOCUMENTS IN
797
Problems with Headers
803
Appendixes
805
Installing PHP 4 and MySQL
807
Apache and mod_SSL
813
Is PHP Support Working?
817
Is SSL Working?
818
Windows 95/98
820
Windows NT/Win2000
820
Running Apache for Windows
822
Running Apache as a Service
823
Installing PHP for Windows
825
Let’s Test Our Work
826
Other Configurations
828
Web Resources
829
PHP Resources
830
Apache Resources
832
+ (plus symbol)
834
Boutell Web site
837
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
879
Web issues, database security
891
ZEND.Com Web site
893
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